The Museum of Natural History of the Aegean is situated at the village of Mytilinioi; the museum has two domains, the Paleontological Museum and the domain of Natural History. The Paleontological Museum was established in 1960s’. In 1995 it moved in a new modern building, thanks to the economic help of the foundation Konstantinos and Maria Zimali and to the European Union program “Leader”.

Among the important exhibits the visitor may notice fossils of small and big mammals and other vertebrate animals, dated from 3,5 to 7 million years ago. The most important are the fossils of Samokeros (an early ancestor of bovines), of Samotherion, Helladotherion, Deinotherion, Machairodous, Metailourus etc.

Most of the exhibits were found during the excavations carried out by J. Melentis in 1963, in an area close to the village of Mytilinioi. Excavations had also been carried out earlier, in 1832, 1885, 1887, 1925; the finds of these years are found in the most important museums of Natural History and of Sciences worldwide; in Lausanne, in Bern, in London, in New York, in Budapest, in Frankfurt etc.